Pakistan Eyes Expansion into the Bay of Bengal with Hangor-Class Submarines

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Pakistan has made significant strides in its naval capabilities with the addition of the Hangor-class submarines, marking a shift in its maritime strategy. These developments could potentially re-establish Pakistan’s naval operations in the Bay of Bengal, a region it has largely been absent from since the 1971 war with India.

First Hangor-Class Submarine Inducted

The latest addition to Pakistan’s naval fleet is the Hangor-class submarine, which recently arrived in Karachi after its commissioning in China. As reported, this vessel is the first of eight planned, meant to replace the aging Agosta-class submarines currently in service. Such modernization reflects Pakistan’s commitment to enhancing its defense capabilities and naval presence.

Equipped with air-independent propulsion (AIP) technology, Hangor-class submarines can remain submerged for extended periods without surfacing. This allows for increased operational stealth and endurance, making them a significant upgrade in Pakistan’s maritime arsenal.

Historical Significance of the Name “Hangor”

The name “Hangor” holds historical weight for Pakistan. During the 1971 war, the original PNS Hangor played a pivotal role by sinking the Indian Navy’s INS Khukri, a critical event that showcased the effectiveness of Pakistan’s naval forces. Although the conflict concluded with a decisive defeat for Pakistan and the subsequent creation of Bangladesh, the legacy of the Hangor lives on, now symbolizing a new chapter in the country’s naval history.

Potential Expansion into the Bay of Bengal

Recent comments from senior officers within the Pakistan Navy suggest that these submarines may operate beyond the Arabian Sea, expanding their reach into the Bay of Bengal. This shift indicates a desire to re-engage with maritime activities in eastern waters, a part of the Indian Ocean that is vital for shipping and energy transit.

The Bay of Bengal is bordered by several countries, including India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka, all of which have vested interests in the region. While India maintains a robust military presence, bolstered by its Eastern Naval Command and strategic island bases, the possible deployment of Pakistani submarines into these waters marks a significant geopolitical move.

China-Pakistan Naval Cooperation

The development of the Hangor-class submarines underscores the deepening defense ties between Pakistan and China. This multi-billion-dollar program includes technology transfers and local production elements, making it a cornerstone of Pakistan’s naval modernization. The submarines are primarily designed for conventional naval roles, including surveillance and anti-ship operations, further expanding Pakistan’s operational capabilities.

Strengthening Pakistan-Bangladesh Relations

Interestingly, the naval aspirations of Pakistan come at a time when relations with Bangladesh are reportedly improving. Economic cooperation has seen a notable uptick, with increased trade and direct flights between Karachi and Dhaka resuming after decades. Military collaborations are also on the rise; Bangladesh’s participation in joint naval exercises and interest in Pakistan’s JF-17 fighter jets are significant markers of this evolving relationship.

Moreover, a Pakistani warship’s visit to Chattogram in November 2025 was the first since 1971, indicating a warming of ties that could have strategic implications for both nations.

Regional Implications

As the Bay of Bengal becomes increasingly central to global trade and energy security, its significance in regional politics cannot be overstated. India’s dominant naval presence poses challenges for Pakistan, and the introduction of the Hangor-class submarines represents an effort to extend its strategic reach.

To date, Pakistan has not confirmed any permanent presence or regular operations in the Bay of Bengal, leaving many questions open regarding the long-term implications of its naval ambitions in the region.

This evolving situation will undoubtedly have significant ramifications for maritime security and geopolitical dynamics in South Asia. With ongoing military upgrades and strengthening bilateral ties, the developments surrounding Pakistan’s navy will be pivotal in shaping the future of maritime relations in the Bay of Bengal and beyond.